Chapter 29 Self-test questions

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. Which of the following could be seen as key aims of rehabilitation (in a criminal justice context)? (Select all that apply.)

Identifying the factors that lead to criminal behaviour correct incorrect

Identifying which punishments are most effective correct incorrect

Identifying the interventions that will help offenders lead law-abiding lives correct incorrect

Identifying the best policing tools to apprehend offenders correct incorrect

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. What is the principle behind the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974?

To provide a legal framework for the creation of rehabilitation centres correct incorrect

To require convictions to be disclosed as part of the openness of rehabilitation correct incorrect

To restore offenders to full citizenship status and rights correct incorrect

To develop rehabilitation practices correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are assumptions that underpin rehabilitation? (Select all that apply.)

Changes in an offender's circumstances are likely to have future positive effects correct incorrect

Offenders do not choose to commit crime correct incorrect

Offenders are not fully in control of what they do and so are not culpable for their crime correct incorrect

Change will help address the offender's needs and serve a community purpose correct incorrect

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. What is psychological rehabilitation?

The formal decriminalisation of the offender, such as setting aside a conviction correct incorrect

When the offender formally accepts their offending and demonstrates that they understand the harm caused correct incorrect

A type of rehabilitation that promotes positive change within the individual offender correct incorrect

A term for when an offender becomes socially accepted correct incorrect

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. What does rehabilitation seek to achieve? (Select all that apply.)

Reinstating the offender into society correct incorrect

Changing the offender's behaviour correct incorrect

Ensuring the offender compensates victims for their behaviour correct incorrect

Ensuring appropriate punishment of the offender correct incorrect

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. What is 'formal rehabilitation'?

The end point of a custodial sentence correct incorrect

A structured, formal 'programme' of rehabilitation correct incorrect

A type of community sentence correct incorrect

A process of removing a prohibition/ban or reinstating entitlements correct incorrect

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. What is the objective of cognitive behavioural therapy?

Changing the way offenders think correct incorrect

Changing offenders' understanding of society correct incorrect

Allowing offenders to evade responsibility for offending correct incorrect

Identifying the most dangerous offenders correct incorrect

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. What principle of rehabilitation was incorporated into the 'Breaking the Cycle' reforms?

Meeting the needs of communities correct incorrect

Ensuring that offenders were identified early correct incorrect

Meeting the offenders needs correct incorrect

Ensuring appropriate criminal justice resources to address offending correct incorrect

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. 'Paid probation officers came into being as a result of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is a central argument behind the development of probation?

The need for specialist skills and knowledge to understand offenders correct incorrect

The need for an additional form of policing 'on the ground' correct incorrect

The need for additional resources for more standardised forms of punishment correct incorrect

The need for professional staff to reinforce punitive sentences correct incorrect

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. What is the rehabilitative principle behind probation?

Rehabilitation can be achieved through the use of coercion correct incorrect

Rehabilitation requires formal criminal justice management correct incorrect

Rehabilitation can be achieved with counselling, guidance, and practical support correct incorrect

Rehabilitation can be achieved with punitive intervention correct incorrect

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. What is meant by the 'casework approach' of probation?

Probation is about a social welfare-based approach correct incorrect

Probation is about managing and supervising offenders correct incorrect

Probation is about being a 'critical friend' to offenders correct incorrect

Probation is about ensuring custodial interventions correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is a core objective of rehabilitation?

Achieving individual change in offenders correct incorrect

Addressing wider social circumstances correct incorrect

Achieving social change correct incorrect

Achieving community cohesion correct incorrect

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. Which of the following principles underpin the psychological approach to rehabilitation? (Select all that apply.)

There are psychological factors that can push a person to commit crime correct incorrect

Crime can be prevented by changing the unique set of factors that drive each individual into crime correct incorrect

Rehabilitation has to be individualised to suit each offender's psychological and social factors correct incorrect

Compulsory psychological treatment is the only way to reduce crime correct incorrect

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. How are ideas around faith and moral redemption included in the objects of rehabilitation?

Rehabilitation is concerned with forgiveness and the capacity for offenders to seek moral redemption correct incorrect

Rehabilitation is concerned with the principle of 'an eye for an eye' correct incorrect

Rehabilitation is concerned with paying a debt to society correct incorrect

Rehabilitation is concerned with appropriate and just punishment and seeking penance correct incorrect

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. What is the main aim of 'resettlement' within rehabilitation?

Making the individual fit the expectations of society correct incorrect

Making the individual fit the needs of criminal justice correct incorrect

Making beneficial changes to the offender's circumstances correct incorrect

Making the circumstances of custodial sentencing fit the crime correct incorrect

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. What underlying 'issue' does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy seek to address?

Faulty reasoning on the part of offenders correct incorrect

Lack of sufficient deterrents in criminal justice processes correct incorrect

Lack of understanding of situational crime prevention correct incorrect

Lack of understanding of current criminal law correct incorrect

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. What does the 'Risk-Need-Responsivity Model' try to do?

Prioritising the offender's wellbeing correct incorrect

Identifying areas of risk in a community correct incorrect

Identifying and changing criminogenic needs correct incorrect

Responding to situational and physical/environmental risks correct incorrect

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. Which of the following describes the 'Good Lives Model' of rehabilitation?

Using negative reinforcement to make offenders live good lives correct incorrect

Using custodial sentencing to achieve a rehabilitative effect correct incorrect

Creating favourable conditions that encourage offender changes correct incorrect

Using hypnosis treatments to convince offenders to live good lives correct incorrect

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. What is the rationale for desistance-based interventions which link offenders' needs and motivations?

Working to address the needs and interests of the individual offender can discourage future offending correct incorrect

Appropriate punishment can discourage future offending correct incorrect

Appropriate expression of disapproval can discourage future offending correct incorrect

Removing temptation and opportunities for crime will discourage future offending correct incorrect

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. What is typically the key criteria in determining whether rehabilitation works?

Whether rehabilitative measures somehow reduce levels of reoffending correct incorrect

Whether offenders are content with the outcome correct incorrect

Whether communities approve of or are involved in the rehabilitative process correct incorrect

Whether rehabilitative policies are popular with the public correct incorrect

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. Which of the following have been identified as issues in rehabilitative approaches that raise questions about whether they can be said to have 'worked'? (Select all that apply.)

The offender becomes dependent on the provider of the intervention correct incorrect

Conflict arises between service providers and service users correct incorrect

The recipient continues to be associated with an offender label correct incorrect

Expectations are raised or unmet and recipients are disappointed correct incorrect

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. What is the idea of 'multimodal' approaches to rehabilitation?

Addressing a single issue in an offender's life using multiple agencies correct incorrect

Addressing different aspects of an offender's needs and behaviour correct incorrect

Focusing on multiple conditions in society that might cause crime correct incorrect

Adopting a linear approach to offending and rehabilitation correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are possible targets for the multimodal approach? (Select all that apply.)

Employment correct incorrect

Education correct incorrect

Accommodation correct incorrect

Spiritual wellbeing correct incorrect

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. Which of these approaches are considered to be effective in desistance interventions? (Select all that apply.)

A standardised and highly organised approach correct incorrect

Administrative efficiency correct incorrect

Responsive and individually tailored interventions correct incorrect

Trusting that the intervention will result in complete, lasting change correct incorrect

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. Which of the following principles does Maguire (2007) suggest that interventions should adopt to increase the chances of successful outcomes? (Select all that apply.)

Agency is as important as structure correct incorrect

Generating and sustaining motivation is crucial correct incorrect

Desistance is a process not an 'event' correct incorrect

Individuals differ in their readiness to begin the process of change correct incorrect

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. Why might it be helpful to distinguish between 'static' and 'dynamic' risk factors?

It means interventions can be targeted at factors that can be changed correct incorrect

It means interventions can be targeted at factors that are consistent correct incorrect

It allows us to develop a standardised approach to certain factors correct incorrect

Focusing on offender behaviour will promote change correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are considered to be crucial elements in supporting offender change and the change process? (Select all that apply.)

Strict adherence to rules correct incorrect

Personal motivation correct incorrect

The organisational context correct incorrect

Practitioner relationships and skills correct incorrect

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. Some rehabilitative programmes have been seen as a 'soft option', but what arguments does Professor Westmarland make for the effectiveness of community intervention in domestic violence?

These programmes are always successful in reducing domestic violence correct incorrect

These programmes always promote change in offender behaviour correct incorrect

These programmes can have positive benefits for women experiencing domestic violence correct incorrect

These programmes encourage greater intervention to prevent future offending correct incorrect

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. Which of the following beliefs underpin the use of compulsion in the delivery of treatment programmes? (Select all that apply.)

A belief in the therapeutic value of the programme correct incorrect

A belief in the effectiveness of the programme correct incorrect

A belief that offenders are effectively customers correct incorrect

A belief in the effectiveness of the programme's delivery correct incorrect

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. What are some of the systemic issues that can hinder efforts to facilitate desistance? (Select all that apply.)

Lack of accommodation for ex-offenders on release from custody correct incorrect

Poor quality of services available for those released from custody correct incorrect

Discrimination in the provision of services for those released from custody correct incorrect

The high cost of services for those released from custody correct incorrect

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. What approach is favoured by desistance theory and the evidence of 'what works' to address the limitations of rehabilitative efforts that focus on the offender alone?

Developing standardised interventions that allow for offenders to choose from a menu of programmes correct incorrect

Developing individualised programmes which take account of specific circumstances and address 'social' need correct incorrect

Developing programmes that are closely tailored to the needs of local areas and services correct incorrect

Developing programmes that classify offenders according to type correct incorrect