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Sacred profession of Islamic faith, translated as “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Messenger.” Muslims are called to recite this during each of their daily prayers, and it is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
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Daily prayers recited by Muslims and one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
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(Arabic: community): The collective community of Islamic people throughout the world.
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The square shrine (draped in black silk embroidered with gold) that sits at the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is considered the most holy site in Islam. It is the point of orientation for Muslim prayer.
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Meaning “one nature,” it is a reference to Christians who believe that Jesus Christ has one divine nature and not both human and divine, as in Diophysism.
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Lesser aristocracy that included administrators and tax collectors in the Sassanian Empire, many of whom continued in their occupations even after the Islamic conquest.
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“Island” in Arabic, this is a reference to the geographic area across present-day north-central Syria and Iraq that fell between, like an island, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
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The family of the Prophet Muhammad. Today, the monarchies in Jordan and Morocco claim descent from the family of the Prophet and therefore are considered Hashimite kingdoms.
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(Arabic: the helpers): These helpers were residents of Medina who took the Prophet Muhammad and his followers (the Muhajirun) into their homes after the hijra from Mecca. They became an important interest group in early Islam.
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Credibility
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The direction of prayer for Muslims, which is toward the Kaaba, in the Great Mosque in Mecca.
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(Arabic: migration): The Prophet Muhammad’s migration, along with his followers, from Mecca to Medina in 622.