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State or crown lands.
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A senior military position in the Abbasid caliphate that came to surpass the civilian bureaucracy, effectively relegating the caliphs to ceremonial figureheads by 936. The term is translated as “commander of commanders.”
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A tax paid by non-Muslims.
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(Arabic: the way or path): Islamic law.
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Credibility
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(Arabic: consultation): A committee or council, as well as the concept of “mutual consultation,” which the Quran prescribes as the preferred method for decision-making in government.
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Located in central to southern Iraq, this was an area of rich alluvial plains fed by intricate canals and irrigation systems. It was critical to the financial health of the Abbasid caliphate.
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alternate khalifa: Successor to the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community.
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The first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali) of the Islamic community following the death of Muhammad. They are believed by Muslims to be the “rightly guided ones.”
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Land tax paid based on the area of one’s holdings and types of crops cultivated.
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Salary paid to the military and administrators in early Islam, often, at least in theory, determined by one’s sabiqa, or precedence in Islam.
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singular misr: Garrison towns established by Muslim armies in conquered lands. Many of these established the foundation for or actually became major cities throughout the region over time.