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A senior military position in the Abbasid caliphate that came to surpass the civilian bureaucracy, effectively relegating the caliphs to ceremonial figureheads by 936. The term is translated as “commander of commanders.”
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Raids or raiding among Bedouin Arabs.
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A collection of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad that are considered the most important religious guide for Muslims apart from the Quran. Essentially the documentation of the Sunna or custom of the Prophet.
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alternate khalifa: Successor to the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community.
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Located in central to southern Iraq, this was an area of rich alluvial plains fed by intricate canals and irrigation systems. It was critical to the financial health of the Abbasid caliphate.
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(Arabic: consultation): A committee or council, as well as the concept of “mutual consultation,” which the Quran prescribes as the preferred method for decision-making in government.
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(Arabic: the way or path): Islamic law.
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Credibility
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Spiritual leader of a Muslim community.
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singular misr: Garrison towns established by Muslim armies in conquered lands. Many of these established the foundation for or actually became major cities throughout the region over time.
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A tax paid by non-Muslims.
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A Muslim’s standing or precedence in the community, which often determined one’s salary (ata) and position.