Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

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