Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

Those countries professing Christian beliefs under the primacy of the pope.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

The period 1378-1417, marked by divided papal allegiances in Latin Christendom.

The French representative assembly, composed of the three social "estates" in France, first convened by Philip IV.

The act of anointing with oil as a rite of consecration.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

The urban-based middle class between the wealthy aristocracy and the working class.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A trade network of allied ports along the North Sea and Baltic coasts, founded in 1256.

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