Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600–1450 CE
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A written order issued by a court, commanding the party to whom it is addressed to perform or cease performing a specified act.

An outward and physical sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

The law of the church.

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

A term initiated by William I to designate feudal vassals who held lands in return for service and loyalty to the king.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king.

Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.

A representative assembly in England that, by the fourteenth century, was composed of great lords (both lay and ecclesiastical) and representatives from two other groups: shire knights and town burgesses.

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

Associations of artisans and merchants intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

The medieval European system of self-sustaining agricultural estates.

The native, common spoken language of a particular region.

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